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Alpena, Michigan

Coordinates: 45°03′42″N 83°25′58″W / 45.06167°N 83.43278°W / 45.06167; -83.43278
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Alpena, Michigan
City
City of Alpena
Alpena City Hall
Alpena City Hall
Nickname: 
"Sanctuary of the Great Lakes"
Location within Alpena County
Location within Alpena County
Alpena is located in Michigan
Alpena
Alpena
Location within the state of Michigan
Coordinates: 45°03′42″N 83°25′58″W / 45.06167°N 83.43278°W / 45.06167; -83.43278
Country United States
State Michigan
CountyAlpena
Settled1835
Founded1840
Incorporated1871
Government
 • TypeMayor–council
 • MayorCindy Johnson
 • Mayor pro temMichael Nowak
 • ManagerRachel Smolinski
Area
[1]
 • Total
8.86 sq mi (22.94 km2)
 • Land8.17 sq mi (21.17 km2)
 • Water0.68 sq mi (1.77 km2)
Elevation
591 ft (180 m)
Population
 (2020)[citation needed]
 • Total
10,197
 • Density1,247.80/sq mi (481.78/km2)
Demonym"Alpenan(s)"
Time zoneUTC-5 (EST)
 • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)
ZIP code(s)
49707
Area code989
FIPS code26-01740[2]
GNIS feature ID0620017[3]
WebsiteOfficial website
Alpena County Courthouse in Alpena

Alpena (/ælˈpiːnə/ al-PEE-nə) is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan. It is the county seat of Alpena County, and is the only city within the county.[4] The population was 10,197 at the 2020 census,[citation needed] making it the third most populated city in the Northern Michigan region, after Traverse City and Cadillac. The city is surrounded by Alpena Township, but the two are administered autonomously. It is the core city of the Alpena micropolitan statistical area, which encompasses all of Alpena County and had a total population of 28,907 at the 2020 census.[5]

Alpena is located at the head of Thunder Bay, a bay of Lake Huron. Offshore of Alpena is the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, which protects an estimated 116 historically significant shipwrecks.[6] Alpena is the third-largest American city on Lake Huron, behind Bay City and Port Huron.

History

[edit]
See also: History of Northern Michigan

The Alpena area is home to the Ojibwe, Ottawa, and Potawatomi people. These people groups inhabit the area surrounding the Great Lakes, including Michigan. The Thunder Bay Band of Chippewa and Ottawa merged with the Mackinac Bands of Chippewa and Ottawa Indians in the mid-1800s under Chief Way-ge-maw-waw-be.

Alpena County was originally set off from Michilimackinac County as Anamickee County founded in 1840, which in 1843 was changed to Alpena, a pseudo-Native American word — a neologism coined by Henry Schoolcraft, meaning something like "a good partridge country."[7][8][9] This was part of a much larger effort to rename a great many of the Michigan counties at the time.[8]

The first European settler at modern-day Alpena was W.F. Cullings, a fisherman in 1835. In 1856, George W. Fletcher and three others from Detroit platted a village by the name of Fremont, after John C. Frémont. The community was briefly renamed Thunder Bay in 1857 before being renamed again to Alpena in 1871.[10] The city of Alpena was officially incorporated by Michigan State Legislature on March 29, 1871.[11]

Most of the city was lost in the Great Michigan Fire of 1871.[12] Less than one year later, on July 12, 1872, Alpena was hit by another fire, the largest in its history, which destroyed 15 acres (6.1 ha) of homes and businesses[13] for a total amount of 65 buildings.[14] The blaze started in a barn and lasted for two hours, killing at least four people and causing at least $180,000 (equivalent to $4,580,000 in 2023) in damages.[15][16][17] Alpena was again hit by a disastrous fire on July 11, 1888.[16][17] In the early 1910s a failed attempt was led by the Alpena Motor Car Company to turn the city into "Automobile City" and compete with Detroit.

In 1920 the population of the city was 11,101, and in 1927 the trade through the city's port was valued over 8 million dollars, and the output of the 24 factories at a little under another 8 million.[18]

The city has a number of notable buildings, including the Art deco Alpena County Courthouse, the I.O.O.F. Centennial Building, and Temple Beth El, one of the oldest synagogues in the United States.[A]

Historical markers

[edit]

There are seven recognized historical markers in the city:[21]

  • Alpena City Hall
  • Alpena County Courthouse
  • The Daniel Carter Family, Alpena's first settlers.
  • First Congregational Church
  • Monarch Mill
  • St. Bernard Catholic Church
  • World's Largest Cement Plant (see Lafarge)

Geography

[edit]

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 9.23 square miles (23.91 km2), of which, 8.54 square miles (22.12 km2) of it is land and 0.69 square miles (1.79 km2) (7.48%) is water.[22] The city is on the shore of Lake Huron's Thunder Bay, with Alpena Township surrounding it on land.

Climate

[edit]

Alpena has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with warm summers along with cool nights, moderated by nearby Lake Huron and cold, snowy winters with annual snowfall averaging 84 inches (210 cm).[23]

Climate data for Alpena County Regional Airport, Michigan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1916–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 62
(17) 		65
(18) 		87
(31) 		90
(32) 		94
(34) 		104
(40) 		106
(41) 		102
(39) 		99
(37) 		90
(32) 		77
(25) 		65
(18) 		106
(41)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 45
(7) 		49
(9) 		62
(17) 		75
(24) 		86
(30) 		92
(33) 		92
(33) 		91
(33) 		86
(30) 		79
(26) 		62
(17) 		50
(10) 		95
(35)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 28.1
(−2.2) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		38.4
(3.6) 		52.2
(11.2) 		65.8
(18.8) 		75.9
(24.4) 		80.5
(26.9) 		78.8
(26.0) 		71.0
(21.7) 		57.6
(14.2) 		44.6
(7.0) 		33.6
(0.9) 		54.8
(12.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 20.0
(−6.7) 		20.7
(−6.3) 		29.3
(−1.5) 		41.2
(5.1) 		53.4
(11.9) 		63.2
(17.3) 		68.2
(20.1) 		66.6
(19.2) 		59.0
(15.0) 		47.4
(8.6) 		36.6
(2.6) 		26.6
(−3.0) 		44.4
(6.9)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 11.9
(−11.2) 		11.2
(−11.6) 		19.1
(−7.2) 		30.2
(−1.0) 		40.9
(4.9) 		50.4
(10.2) 		55.9
(13.3) 		54.5
(12.5) 		47.0
(8.3) 		37.2
(2.9) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		19.6
(−6.9) 		33.9
(1.1)
Mean minimum °F (°C) −10
(−23) 		−11
(−24) 		−4
(−20) 		17
(−8) 		28
(−2) 		37
(3) 		44
(7) 		42
(6) 		32
(0) 		23
(−5) 		12
(−11) 		−1
(−18) 		−15
(−26)
Record low °F (°C) −28
(−33) 		−37
(−38) 		−27
(−33) 		−7
(−22) 		20
(−7) 		27
(−3) 		34
(1) 		29
(−2) 		23
(−5) 		12
(−11) 		−6
(−21) 		−27
(−33) 		−37
(−38)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 1.81
(46) 		1.52
(39) 		1.81
(46) 		2.93
(74) 		2.78
(71) 		2.74
(70) 		3.20
(81) 		3.09
(78) 		2.84
(72) 		3.01
(76) 		2.07
(53) 		1.87
(47) 		29.67
(754)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 19.3
(49) 		17.0
(43) 		10.6
(27) 		6.6
(17) 		0.2
(0.51) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.4
(1.0) 		6.6
(17) 		16.9
(43) 		77.6
(197)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 15.6 11.8 11.0 11.5 11.7 10.4 10.9 9.6 11.2 13.9 13.8 14.0 145.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 15.1 12.5 7.1 3.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 5.9 11.6 56.0
Average relative humidity (%) 76.2 73.3 71.6 66.8 66.0 70.5 71.0 76.1 78.5 76.4 78.2 79.6 73.7
Average dew point °F (°C) 12.4
(−10.9) 		11.8
(−11.2) 		19.9
(−6.7) 		29.3
(−1.5) 		39.6
(4.2) 		50.5
(10.3) 		56.7
(13.7) 		56.3
(13.5) 		49.6
(9.8) 		38.7
(3.7) 		28.8
(−1.8) 		19.0
(−7.2) 		34.4
(1.3)
Mean monthly sunshine hours 108.8 133.5 195.5 222.9 279.5 294.6 316.9 257.1 193.9 143.5 82.8 73.9 2,302.9
Percent possible sunshine 38 46 53 55 61 63 67 59 52 42 29 27 52
Source: NOAA (relative humidity, dew point, and sun 1961–1990)[24][25][26]
Climate data for Alpena, Michigan (Water Treatment Plant near downtown), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1873–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 62
(17) 		62
(17) 		81
(27) 		88
(31) 		95
(35) 		100
(38) 		104
(40) 		100
(38) 		99
(37) 		87
(31) 		77
(25) 		65
(18) 		104
(40)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 27.1
(−2.7) 		28.6
(−1.9) 		36.8
(2.7) 		48.4
(9.1) 		60.8
(16.0) 		71.0
(21.7) 		77.1
(25.1) 		76.2
(24.6) 		68.9
(20.5) 		55.9
(13.3) 		43.0
(6.1) 		32.8
(0.4) 		52.2
(11.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 20.2
(−6.6) 		20.6
(−6.3) 		28.8
(−1.8) 		40.3
(4.6) 		51.9
(11.1) 		62.4
(16.9) 		68.3
(20.2) 		67.2
(19.6) 		59.8
(15.4) 		47.7
(8.7) 		36.4
(2.4) 		26.9
(−2.8) 		44.2
(6.8)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 13.4
(−10.3) 		12.7
(−10.7) 		20.8
(−6.2) 		32.1
(0.1) 		43.1
(6.2) 		53.7
(12.1) 		59.4
(15.2) 		58.1
(14.5) 		50.7
(10.4) 		39.6
(4.2) 		29.9
(−1.2) 		20.9
(−6.2) 		36.2
(2.3)
Record low °F (°C) −27
(−33) 		−28
(−33) 		−19
(−28) 		−2
(−19) 		21
(−6) 		34
(1) 		33
(1) 		36
(2) 		25
(−4) 		15
(−9) 		−4
(−20) 		−15
(−26) 		−28
(−33)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.19
(56) 		1.70
(43) 		1.81
(46) 		3.11
(79) 		3.17
(81) 		2.72
(69) 		3.29
(84) 		3.45
(88) 		2.94
(75) 		3.24
(82) 		2.27
(58) 		2.05
(52) 		31.94
(811)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 15.6
(40) 		14.4
(37) 		6.2
(16) 		3.5
(8.9) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.0
(0.0) 		0.1
(0.25) 		3.0
(7.6) 		16.6
(42) 		59.4
(151)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 19.8 15.5 13.0 13.7 14.1 12.2 12.4 12.0 12.9 16.6 16.1 17.3 175.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 9.1 6.8 3.7 1.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.7 6.9 29.8
Source: NOAA[24][27]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
18806,153—
189011,28383.4%
190011,8024.6%
191012,7067.7%
192011,101−12.6%
193012,1669.6%
194012,8085.3%
195013,1352.6%
196014,68211.8%
197013,805−6.0%
198012,214−11.5%
199011,354−7.0%
200011,304−0.4%
201010,483−7.3%
202010,197−2.7%
source:[28][failed verification]

2010 census

[edit]

As of the census[29] of 2010, there were 10,483 people, 4,734 households, and 2,565 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,227.5 inhabitants per square mile (473.9/km2). There were 5,278 housing units at an average density of 618.0 per square mile (238.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 96.8% White, 0.5% African American, 0.4% Native American, 0.7% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.1% from other races, and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.0% of the population.

There were 4,734 households, of which 24.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.3% were married couples living together, 12.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.6% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.8% were non-families. 39.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.13 and the average family size was 2.84.

The median age in the city was 42.5 years. 20.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.4% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 22.7% were from 25 to 44; 27.9% were from 45 to 64; and 19.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.7% male and 52.3% female.

2000 census

[edit]

As of the census[2] of 2000, there were 11,304 people, 4,874 households, and 2,865 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,348.9 inhabitants per square mile (520.8/km2). There were 5,200 housing units at an average density of 620.5 per square mile (239.6/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 97.66% White, 0.42% African American, 0.43% Native American, 0.48% Asian, 0.01% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.91% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.59% of the population.

There were 4,874 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.1% were married couples living together, 11.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.2% were non-families. 35.9% of all households were made up of individuals, and 17.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.93.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 23.0% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 26.5% from 25 to 44, 21.7% from 45 to 64, and 19.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 88.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85.4 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $30,353, and the median income for a family was $40,056. Males had a median income of $34,534 versus $21,951 for females. The per capita income for the city was $17,476. About 10.4% of families and 13.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.5% of those under age 18 and 6.6% of those age 65 or over.

Alpena's 2nd Avenue Bridge, over the Thunder Bay River

Economy

[edit]

While tourism is an important component of the area's economy, both Alpena and Rogers City have an industrial base. In particular, Alpena is home to Lafarge-Holcim cement plant and to Besser Company (maker of a concrete block making machinery), as well as a drywall board manufacturing facility owned by Decorative Panels International. Rogers City is the location of the world's largest limestone quarry (see Michigan Limestone and Chemical Company), which is used in steel making in the Great Lakes and Rust Belt regions.

MidMichigan Health, a federally-designated rural regional medical referral center, is the largest employer in the city of Alpena.[30]

Until it largely closed in 2022, Alpena's primary shopping center was the Alpena Mall, the only enclosed shopping mall in the northeastern Lower Peninsula. In full operation, the former mall featured approximately 20 stores, with JCPenney and Gordon Food Service as the anchor stores.[31] Other retailers operate in this part of town and on M-32 west of town and south on US-23.

Alpena was also home to the Alpena Thunder hockey team, which was disbanded in 2011.[citation needed]

Culture

[edit]
The 2011 running of the annual Cardboard Boat Regatta in Alpena.

Alpena is served by a number of institutions that enhance the artistic and cultural character of the city, reflecting its rich heritage in Great Lakes shipping and industry. Alpena is the gateway to the Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary, one of Michigan's 13 underwater preserves. The cold, fresh waters of the Great Lakes serve a valuable role in preserving the numerous shipwrecks in Lake Huron, documenting a history of tragedy that spans over 300 years. The Great Lakes Maritime Heritage Center in Alpena is the interpretive and administrative center of the sanctuary, located on the banks of the Thunder Bay River.[32][33]

The local history of the Alpena area is documented by the Besser Museum, founded with an endowment from industrialist Jesse Besser. The Besser Museum is located on an 8 acres (3.2 ha) campus in northern Alpena, and is accredited by the American Alliance of Museums. Permanent attractions at the Besser Museum include a planetarium and the Katherine V., a wooden fishing tug that spent its entire life on Lake Huron. The Besser Museum also features rotating collections of art, science, and local history. The museum is the publisher of The Town that Wouldn't Die: A Photographic History of Alpena, Michigan from Its Beginnings Through 1940.[34]

The Alpena County George N. Fletcher Public Library serves Alpena County. Its special collections include the Northeast Michigan Oral History Archive, the comprehensive Great Lakes Maritime Collection, and a full collection of Alpena newspapers dating back to 1871.

Arts organizations in the Alpena area include the Alpena Symphony Orchestra; the Alpena Civic Theatre; and the Thunder Bay Theatre, Northeast Michigan's year-round professional theatre located in the historic 1904 Spens Block on North Second Ave. Cinema in Alpena is supported by the newly opened Sanctuary Cinema, located in a former JCPenney store in Downtown Alpena, and the Maltz Opera House, currently under renovation to its 1920s-era appearance.

Parks

[edit]
  • Avery Park
  • Duck Park
  • Island Park
  • Mich-e-ke-wis Park
  • McRae Park
  • Rotary Island
  • Starlite Beach
  • Sytek Park
  • Thompson Park
  • Washington Park[35]
  • Rockport State Park is Michigan's 100th state park and a dark sky preserve, is situated just north of the city on the Lake Huron shore.[B] Within its 4,237 acres (1,715 ha)s, it contains a 300 acres (120 ha) abandoned limestone quarry, Devonian fossils, sinkholes and a protected deep water harbor.[C] It is a U.S. 23 route heritage site.[39] It is part of the "Alpena Blueway" paddling route.[40][41][42] There are many other state parks in the area.[43]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Air

[edit]
A U.S. Air Force Reserve Bell HH-1N Huey (s/n 69-6612) taking off on maneuvers during a reserve rescue exercise at Phelps Collins Air National Guard Base

Alpena County Regional Airport (IATA: APN, ICAO: KAPN, FAA LID: APN) is the northeast lower peninsula of Michigan's main commercial airport and handles daily Delta Connection flights to Detroit, Minneapolis/St. Paul via Detroit, and to Pellston operated by SkyWest Airlines. It is a public-use airport located in Wilson Township, Michigan six miles (10 km) west of the central business district of Alpena. The Michigan Air National Guard's Alpena Combat Readiness Training Center co-utilizes the airfield.

Rail

[edit]

Alpena is situated along the Lake State Railway, formerly the Detroit and Mackinac Railway (D&M).[44] Earlier railroads that served Alpena were built and owned by the Alger Smith and Co. logging company: (1) the Detroit, Bay City and Alpena Railroad, which entered Alpena from the south around 1886, and (2) the Alpena and Northern Railroad.[45][D]

Bus

[edit]

Major highways

[edit]
  • US 23 serves Alpena on its way along the Lake Huron shoreline. It has been designated the "Sunrise Side Coastal Highway", and runs along (or parallels) the Lake Huron shore. To the north, it passes Grand Lake and Long Lake, then to Rogers City, through Cheboygan, and on to Mackinaw City, where it ends at I-75 and the Mackinac Bridge. On US 23 as it crosses Birdsong Bay just south of Alpena exists a sign which notes that it rests on the 45th parallel, indicating travelers are halfway between the equator and the North Pole.[47] This is one of 29 places (six are in Michigan) in the U.S. where such signs are known to exist.[48] US 23 continues south to Ossineke then further south to Oscoda and Tawas City. US 23 south joins Interstate 75 near Standish where it continues south downstate.
  • M-32 ends its 100-mile (160 km) easterly route from Lake Michigan to Lake Huron traversing the northern Lower Peninsula within downtown Alpena at an intersection with US 23.

Trails

[edit]

Education

[edit]

Alpena, along with the rest of Alpena County and portions of Presque Isle County, is served by Alpena Public Schools. Alpena Public Schools was established as the first county-wide school district in the state of Michigan in 1963. The district has one high school, a junior high, an alternative/adult high school, and six elementary schools. The elementary schools are Besser, Ella White, Hinks, Lincoln, Sanborn, and Wilson Elementary Schools. Geographically, it is the largest school district in the Lower Peninsula, encompassing more than 620 square miles (1,600 km2).

There are two private schools in Alpena. All Saints Catholic School is affiliated with the four Roman Catholic parishes in the city (St. Anne's, St. Bernard's, St. John the Baptist and St. Mary of the Immaculate Conception) and provides preschool to 8th grade education. Immanuel Lutheran School is supported by the Immanuel Lutheran Church and has preschool to 8th grade classes.

Alpena is also home to Alpena Community College. ACC is a two-year associates program that has partnerships with Spring Arbor University and several other Michigan institutions.

Media

[edit]

Print

[edit]

Radio

[edit]

Alpena is home to several radio stations.

AM

[edit]
Call Sign Frequency Format City Broadcast From
WHAK 960 Talk Rogers City

FM

[edit]
Call Sign Frequency Format City Broadcast From
WPHN 90.5 Religious Gaylord
WCML 91.7 Public Alpena
WFDX 92.5 Off the Air Atlanta
WKJZ 94.9 Classic Hits Hillman
WRGZ 96.7 Classic Rock Rogers City
WATZ 99.3 Country Alpena
WHAK 99.9 Classic Hits Rogers City
WWTH 100.7 Classic Rock Oscoda
WMJZ 101.5 Classic Hits Gaylord
WKJC 104.7 Country Tawas City
WGFM 105.1/103.7 Rock Cheboygan
WZTK 105.7 Oldies Alpena
WWMK 106.3/98.1 Classic AC Cheboygan
WHSB 107.7 Top 40 Alpena

Television

[edit]

Alpena is the third smallest (208) Nielsen Designated Market Area (DMA) in the United States.[50]

Television stations located within the Alpena DMA:

Cable only television:

Northeast Michigan is also served by selected major network affiliates from the Northern Michigan DMA, as well as CBC Television programming from CBMT-DT in Montreal. Cable television service is provided within Alpena and many outlying communities by Charter Communications.

Notable people

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ In Michigan, it is the only synagogue in the northeast (Northern Michigan) of the Lower Peninsula.[19] It is closely associated with the Hebrew Benevolent Society Cemetery.[20]
  2. ^ The park was previously known as "The Rockport property."[36]
  3. ^ "... Rockport State Park, Michigan’s 100th State Park and an official Dark Sky Preserve includes a deep-water protected harbor, an old limestone quarry of approximately 300 acres, a unique series of sinkholes, Devonian Period fossils, the Besser Natural Area, and a broad range of land types, vegetative cover, cultural resources, and recreation opportunities[37][38]
  4. ^ The tracks of older railroads have been removed and the roadbeds are now used by snowmobiles. Michigan Railroad history for Alpena. Archived 2013-07-24 at the Wayback Machine

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved May 21, 2022.
  2. ^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  3. ^ "US Board on Geographic Names". United States Geological Survey. 2007-10-25. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  4. ^ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  5. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 15, 2021.
  6. ^ Statement of Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary Director Archived 2007-07-15 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ^ Herron, Catherine; Herron, Nelston R. (1990–1991). "A History of the Place Names of Alpena County". Wilderness Chronicle (19–21). Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  8. ^ a b "Michigan government on place names". Archived from the original on July 28, 2009. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  9. ^ "Bibliography on Alpena County". Clarke Historical Library, Central Michigan University. Retrieved January 18, 2013.
  10. ^ Romig, Walter (1986). Michigan Place Names: The History of the Founding and the Naming of More Than Five Thousand Past and Present Michigan Communities. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-8143-1838-X.
  11. ^ Complete History [of] Alpena County, Michigan. Argus. 1876.
  12. ^ Hanines, D. A.; Sando, R. W. (1969). "Climatic Conditions Preceding Historically Great Fires in the North Central Region" (PDF). United States Forest Service. Research Paper NC-34, Figure 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-02-08. Retrieved 2016-06-04.
  13. ^ Haltiner, Robert E.; Tabe, Ann (1986). The Town That Wouldn't Die: Alpena, Michigan. Village Press. ISBN 978-0-9617779-0-6. Retrieved June 4, 2016. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  14. ^ About Alpena argus. (Alpena, Mich.) 1893-1909. Chronicling America. Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  15. ^ Viall, John C. (1914). Alpena: Dates of Early Events. Alpena, MI: The News. pp. 8–9. Retrieved June 5, 2016 – via Internet Archive.
  16. ^ a b Jerlecki, Constance M. (2015). Tales of Michigan II. Clinton Township, MI: Inland Expressions. ISBN 978-1-939150-10-3. pp. 52–55.
  17. ^ a b "National Register of Historic Places, Registration Form" (PDF). National Park Service, United States Department of the Interior. November 13, 2015. pp. 2–3 (Section 8). Retrieved June 5, 2016.
  18. ^ "Alpena". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Vol. 1 (14 ed.). 1930. p. 677.
  19. ^ Schwartz, Danny (October 4, 2022). "Synagogue Spotlight: Thriving on Michigan's Coastline". The Detroit Jewish News. Retrieved April 18, 2023. Alpena's Temple Beth-El is Michigan's only synagogue east of I-75 from Bay City to Sault Ste. Marie.
  20. ^ "Jewish Alpena is back! Temple Beth-El: A Campaign to document the history and special story of Alpena's Jewish Sanctuary". Patroncity. Retrieved April 18, 2023. In 1875, the Hebrew Benevolent Society was formed for the purpose of "buying a burial ground." Founders then chartered a society and rented a room in which to hold regular meetings and prayer services (1877). As with all newly emerging Jewish congregations of the era, the Hebrew Benevolent Society was chartered to take care of its sick, bury the dead, and hold Sabbath and holiday services, which at the time, were conducted by officers and selected members.
  21. ^ "Michigan Historical Markers". michmarkers.com. Archived from the original on 2010-03-15. Retrieved 2008-01-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  22. ^ "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-25. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  23. ^ Team, National Weather Service Corporate Image Web. "National Weather Service Climate". w2.weather.gov. Retrieved 2020-06-11.
  24. ^ a b "NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  25. ^ "Station: Alpena CO RGNL AP, MI". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  26. ^ "WMO Climate Normals for Alpena/Phelps Collins AP, MI 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 8, 2021.
  27. ^ "Station: Alpena WWTP, MI". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  28. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  29. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  30. ^ "Alpena Regional Medical Center - Main". alpenaregionalmedicalcenter.org. Archived from the original on 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2006-02-16.
  31. ^ "Alpena Mall". Pure Michigan. Archived from the original on November 3, 2013. Retrieved November 1, 2013.
  32. ^ Gray, Jeff (September 24, 2002). "Statement of Jeff Gray Before the United States Commission on Ocean Policy Ninth Regional Meeting" (PDF). Chicago: United States Commission on Ocean Policy. Archived from the original on July 15, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  33. ^ "Visiting Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary". noaa.gov.
  34. ^ Haltiner & Taber 1986.
  35. ^ Washington Park
  36. ^ "Michigan's Newest State Park: Rockport". Michigan Nature Association. March 9, 2012. Retrieved April 13, 2012.
  37. ^ "Rockport State Recreation Area". Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  38. ^ VanderWeide, Melody (March 24, 2023). "Rockport State Park 2023: Hit the Fossil Motherlode Explore a Ghost Town and Kayak to Shipwrecks". Retrieved April 17, 2023.
  39. ^ U.S. 23 Heritage route Discover Heritage Route 23
  40. ^ Alpena Blueway Discover Heritage Route 23
  41. ^ "Alpena Blueway - Michigan Water Trails". Michigan Water Trails. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
  42. ^ "Lake Huron, Michigan. Alpena Blueway". National Rivers Project. Retrieved April 18, 2023.
  43. ^ Five state parks near Alpena (May 19, 2022) americasstateparks.org
  44. ^ Detroit and Mackinac Railway pictures and history Archived 2016-01-13 at the Wayback Machine
  45. ^ Berry, Dale. "Article: Railroad Origins in Alpena, Michigan".
  46. ^ "BAY CITY-ALPENA-CHEBOYGAN-ST. IGNACE" (PDF). Indian Trails. March 19, 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2013. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  47. ^ "Google Groups". keyhole.com. Archived from the original on 2012-07-08. Retrieved 2007-12-18.
  48. ^ "45th Parallel North America". wurlington-bros.com.
  49. ^ The Alpena News
  50. ^ "OAAA 2021 Nielsen DMA Rankings Report" (PDF). OAAA.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-08-12. Retrieved July 30, 2022.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Haltiner, Robert E.; Taber, Ann (1986). The Town that Wouldn't Die: A Photographic History of Alpena, Michigan from Its Beginnings Through 1940. Alpena, Michigan: Jesse Besser Museum. ISBN 0-9617779-0-7.
[edit]
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